Natural Resources
Natural resources occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by humanity, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity and geodiversity existent in various ecosystems.
Natural resources are derived from the environment. Some of them are essential for our survival while most are used for satisfying our needs. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.
There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations, this is partly due to increasing scarcity (depletion of resources) but also because the exportation of natural resources is the basis for many economies (particularly for developed nations).
Some natural resources such as sunlight and air can be found everywhere, and are known as ubiquitous resources. However, most resources only occur in small sporadic areas, and are referred to as localized resources. There are very few resources that are considered inexhaustible (will not run out in foreseeable future) – these are solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air (though access to clean air may not be). The vast majority of resources are exhaustible, which means they have a finite quantity, and can be depleted if managed improperly.
Classification
There are various methods of
categorizing natural resources, these include source of origin, stage of
development, and by their renewability. These classifications are described
below. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:
- Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material), such as forests and animals, and the materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.
- Abiotic – Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic material. Examples of abiotic resources include land, fresh water, air and heavy metals including ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.
Considering their stage of development,
natural resources may be referred to in the following ways:
- Potential resources – Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example petroleum occurs with sedimentary rocks in various regions, but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.
- Actual resources – Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved.
- Reserve resources – The part of an actual resource which can be developed profitably in the future is called a reserve resource.
- Stock resources – Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but cannot be used by organisms due to lack of technology. For example: hydrogen.
Renewability is a very popular topic
and many natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or
non-renewable:
- Renewable resources – Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.
- Non-renewable resources – Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most common resource included in this category. By the human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good example of this are fossil fuels, which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them,[1] but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.[2]
TYPES OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
WATER
Water is a transparent fluid which forms
the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of
the fluids of living things. As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are
connected by covalent
bonds.
Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and
pressure,
but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice; and gaseous state, steam (water vapor). It also exists
as snow, fog, dew and cloud.
Water
covers 71% of the Earth's surface.[1] It is vital
for all known forms of life. On Earth, 96.5%
of the planet's water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in
glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in
other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid
and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[2][3] Only 2.5% of the
Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of
that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3%
of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller
amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies
and manufactured products.[2]
Water
on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching
the sea. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over
land. Water used in the production of a good or service is known as virtual water.
Safe
drinking water is essential to humans and other
lifeforms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Access to safe
drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the
world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and
over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation.[4] There is a clear
correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita.[5] However, some
observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing
water-based vulnerability.[6] A report, issued
in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the
world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.[7] Water plays an
important role in the world economy, as it functions
as a solvent for a wide
variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and
transportation. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture.[8]
Chemical and physical properties
Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H
2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Water appears
in nature in all three common states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) and may
take many different forms on Earth: water vapor and clouds in the sky, seawater in the oceans, icebergs in the polar oceans, glaciers in the mountains, fresh and salt water lakes, rivers, and aquifers in the ground.
The major
chemical and physical properties of water are:
- Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic colour of water and ice is a very slight blue hue, although both appear colorless in small quantities. Water vapour is essentially invisible as a gas.[9]
- Water is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Thus aquatic plants can live in water because sunlight can reach them. Infrared light is strongly absorbed by the hydrogen-oxygen or OH bonds.
Since the
water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen atoms, the oxygen atom
carries a slight negative charge, whereas the hydrogen atoms are slightly
positive. As a result, water is a polar molecule with an electrical dipole moment. Water also can form an unusually large number of
intermolecular hydrogen
bonds (four) for a
molecule of its size. These factors lead to strong attractive forces between
molecules of water, giving rise to water's high surface tension[10] and capillary forces. The capillary action refers to the tendency of water to
move up a narrow tube against the force of gravity. This property is relied upon by all
vascular
plants, such as
trees.[11]
Human uses
Agriculture
Fifty years ago, the common perception was that water was an infinite resource. At this time, there were fewer than half the current number of people on the planet. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate less meat, so less water was needed to produce their food. They required a third of the volume of water we presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for the fixed amount of water resources is much more intense, giving rise to the concept of peak water.] This is because there are now nearly seven billion people on the planet, their consumption of water-thirsty meat and vegetables is rising, and there is increasing competition for water from industry, urbanisation and biofuel crops. In future, even more water will be needed to produce food because the Earth's population is forecast to rise to 9 billion by 2050.
An assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population.[62] It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of physical water scarcity, where there is not enough water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.
For drinking
The
human body contains from 55%
to 78% water, depending on body size.[66] To function
properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to avoid dehydration; the precise
amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other
factors. Most of this is ingested through foods or beverages other than
drinking straight water. It is not clear how much water intake is needed by
healthy people, though most specialists agree that approximately 2 liters (6 to
7 glasses) of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration.[67] Medical
literature favors a lower consumption, typically 1 liter of water for an
average male, excluding extra requirements due to fluid loss from exercise or
warm weather.[68]
For
those who have healthy kidneys, it is rather difficult to drink too much water,
but (especially in warm humid weather and while exercising) it is dangerous to
drink too little. People can drink far more water than necessary while
exercising, however, putting them at risk of water intoxication (hyperhydration), which can be
fatal.[69][70] The popular claim
that "a person should consume eight glasses of water per day" seems
to have no real basis in science.[71] Similar
misconceptions concerning the effect of water on weight loss and constipation have
also been dispelled.[72]
An
original recommendation for water intake in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition
Board of the United States National Research
Council
read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each
calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods."[73] The latest
dietary reference intake report by the United States National Research
Council
in general recommended (including food sources): 3.7 liters for men and 2.7
liters of water total for women.[74]
Washing
Transportation
Chemical uses
Heat exchange
In the nuclear power industry, water can also be used as a neutron moderator. In most nuclear reactors, water is both a coolant and a moderator. This provides something of a passive safety measure, as removing the water from the reactor also slows the nuclear reaction down. However other methods are favored for stopping a reaction and it is preferred to keep the nuclear core covered with water so as to ensure adequate cooling.
WATER POLLUTION
Water
pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and
revision of water resource policy at all levels
(international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested
that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,[1][2] and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.[2] An estimated 580
people in India die of water pollution related illness every day.[3] Around 90% the water in the cities of China is
polluted,[4]
and as of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water.[5] In addition to
the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries also continue to struggle with
pollution problems. For example, in the most recent national report on water quality in the United
States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47% of assessed lake acres, and 32
percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were
classified as polluted.[6] The head of
China's national development agency said in 2007 that one quarter the length of
China's seven main rivers were so poisoned the water harmed the skin.[7]
Water
is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and
either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, or undergoes a
marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such
as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and
earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status
of water.
Causes
Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials such as plant matter (e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species.[11]
Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts.[12] Alteration of water's physical chemistry includes acidity (change in pH), electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productivity of the ecosystem. Depending on the degree of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may occur, affecting fish and other animal populations.
PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION
Prevention
of water pollution.
Dealing with water pollution is something that everyone (including governments and local councils) needs to get involved with. Here are a few things We can do to help. Learning about the issue is the greatest and most important step to take. Here are a few more:
Dealing with water pollution is something that everyone (including governments and local councils) needs to get involved with. Here are a few things We can do to help. Learning about the issue is the greatest and most important step to take. Here are a few more:
Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct waste bin. If there is none around, please take it home and put it in your trash can. This includes places like the beach, riverside and water bodies.
Use
water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use. Also, you can reduce
the amount of water you use in washing and bathing. If we all do this, we can
significantly prevent water shortages and reduce the amount of dirty water that
needs treatment.
Do
not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down the sink drain, or the
toilet. In many cities, your local environment office can help with the
disposal of medicines and chemicals. Check with your local authorities if there
is a chemical disposal plan for local residents.
Buy
more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and other public
places. They are less dangerous to the environment.
If
you use chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms, be mindful not to
overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will reduce runoffs of the chemical
into nearby water sources. Start looking at options of composting and using organic manure instead.
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